This is our main research page. Our current theory assesses experimental and theoretical evidence that point toward a relationship between electromagnetism and gravity and/or general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, some results appear to imply connections to other areas outside of these, so please return for updates.
For a quick reference to the main papers, follow Don Mitchell’s link:
http://www.groupkos.com/eso/tiki-index.php?page=Electromagnetic+Gravitation
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Our first solution was for the effect noted in the Pioneer 10 and 11 space probes. NASA reported that the probes are being slowed by anomalous force that is constant with distance. However, the force did not show up in the orbits of the planets. General relativity predicts that light (electromagnetic energy) should produce a curvature of the space-time continuum, producing a gravitational effect. We formulated an equation describing the effect.
The acceleration a is proportional to the wavelength or frequency of the light. Planck’s constant is placed in brackets to indicate that it is a dimensionless constant. Treating the sun as a black body that emits radiation according to Planck’s radiation formula, the highest energy photons emitted by the sun are responsible for the effect seen in the probes. Overall, it can be called a kind of photo-gravity effect, analogous to the photoelectric effect.
Our explanation as to the reason why the effect is absent in the planets is that they are able to gravitationally attenuate the force by changing the frequency of the light as it approaches them. We treat the acceleration as a separate variable however; so as the energy of a photon increases as it approaches a planet due to gravitational red-shift, the gravitational force associated with its energy decreases. Thus a planets mass can effectively mask the effect seen in the probes. Our explanation appears supported by the Pound and Rebka experiment conducted at Harvard in 1960, and in particular, the anomalous acceleration affecting the Lageos satellites orbiting the earth.
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Encouraged by our results, we have derived an expanded version of our equation to include Einstein’s formula that relates energy to mass to make a complete expression for the relationship between electromagnetism and gravity not only in terms of electromagnetic waves, but matter as well.
The equation we use as a substitute for mass in Einstein’s equation is the same as that used in the Compton Effect. Planck’s constant is held as a dimensionless constant of proportionality between the two states of energy and matter. The dimensional justification for our formula can be found here.
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Discussion
April 14th, 2007
The following narrative represents the current point of evolution of our theory, in the form of questions focused on the qualitative aspects of each phenomena, in light of theory. Please feel free to e-mail us with any other perspectives.
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According to G.R., space-time is curved due to either the presence of mass or energy. Thus, the metric that describes the ‘degree’ of curvature (or magnitude of the acceleration produced for a given energy) would be the formal starting point in deriving a relationship between electromagnetism and gravity. However, if acceleration is quantized (Being dependent on the frequency of a light source rather than its intensity) it may imply the following considerations:
Does the behavior of the Pioneer probes indicate a relationship between electromagnetism and gravity and/or general relativity and quantum mechanics? Light pressure is given by the equation P=U/c for an object that totally absorbs all light and P=2U/c for a totally reflective object. If the gravitational effect on the probes is constant because it is proportional to the quantum nature of light, can their behavior be categorized as a simultaneous consequence of both the wave nature and particle nature of light?
Do the LAGEOS satellites, in conjunction with the Pioneer effect, indicate that the gravitational effect due to light may be treated as a separate variable? The anomalous force affecting the Pioneers is directed toward the Sun; the LAGEOS anomaly is directed toward the Earth. Does this indicate that a body (such as the Sun or Earth) becomes the gravitational frame of reference of a craft that lies within its immediate influence?
April 15th, 2007
The gravity field of a mass “passes through” matter and energy. The law of superposition also holds for the gravity field of numerous masses. The same seems to apply, with one possible exception possibly indicated by the LAGEOS satellites. Where the gravity field of a mass might be viewed as being entangled with the mass, gravity due to energy (apparently) occurs only where the energy in question permeates space-time.
